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Abstract_Chin Fhong Soon.

Advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting are critical for addressing current challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This work presents a series of integrated engineering solutions developed to improve the precision, viability, and scalability of 3D cell microtissue fabrication. We highlight the design and implementation of microencapsulation of cells using an electronic aerosol atomisation system, microfluidic, and flicking techniques for 3D microtissues generation. Experimental studies demonstrate the successful encapsulation and sustained viability of human keratinocytes and oral cancer cells within uniformly sized microcapsules, with viability validated through live/dead assays and detailed histological analysis. Parametric studies on extrusion rates, airflow rates, and micromixer configurations were conducted to optimise microcapsule size distribution and mixing efficiency. Additionally, spectroscopic and morphological characterisations provide insight into the structural integrity of the encapsulated cells and hydrogels. The results show that these combined approaches enable the generation of reproducible, functional 3D microtissues, offering improved nutrient diffusion and cellular interactions compared to conventional two-dimensional cultures. The 3D spheroids were applied to evaluate the cytotoxicity of MXene. This platform has the potential to be adapted for high-throughput screening, disease modelling, and personalised medicine applications. Overall, the presented engineering strategies contribute to the development of robust bioprinting methodologies and serve as a foundation for future translational research in biofabrication and 3D cell culture.